Competition English Notes
English Introduction
- The basic rules for changing Direct speech into Indirect speech:
- Exclude the comma and inverted commas.
- The conjunction 'that' is used before the Indirect statement.
- The Pronoun is changed in person.
- The tense is changed.
- If there is any universal truth, or habitual fact in the reporting speech, no changes are made to the reported verb’s tense
- Can, shall, will, may, must change to could, should, would, might, and must respectively.
- Rules to convert direct speech into indirect speech:
- Simple present tense changes to simple past tense.
- Present continuous tense changes to past continuous tense.
- Present perfect tense changes to past perfect tense.
- Present Perfect continuous tense changes to past perfect continuous tense.
- Simple past tense changes to past perfect tense.
- Past continuous tense changes to past perfect continuous tense.
- No changes are made to past perfect and past perfect continuous tense.
- Can, shall, will, may, must change to could, should, would, might, and must respectively.
- If there is any universal truth, or habitual fact in the reporting speech, no changes are made to the reported verb’s tense.
- The pronoun is changed in Person.
Rules to convert Indirect speech into Direct speech:
- To change from Indirect to Direct Speech, keep the rules of the Direct Speech are applied in reverse order.
- Use the reporting verb, "say"," said to", or "said" in its correct tense.
- Remove the conjunctions "that, to, if or whether, etc". wherever necessary.
- Insert quotation marks, question mark, exclamation, and full stop, wherever necessary.
- Put a comma before the statement.
- Change the past tense into present tense wherever the reporting verb is in the past tense.
- Convert the past perfect either into past tense or present perfect as found necessary.
- Be careful about the order of words in the question.
The following table will enable you to find the kind of sentence:
| Indirect (Conjunction) | Direct (Kind of Sentence) |
|---|---|
| That | Statement (or) Exclamatory sentence |
| to, not to | Imperative |
| requested + to | Begin the imperative sentence with "please" |
| if or whether | Interrogative sentence (Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + ...?) |
| What, When, How, etc., | (Wh or How + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + ...?) |
- The following table will enable us to know how tense changes into Indirect speech:-
The following table will let us know how tense changes between direct and indirect speech -
|
Rules |
Direct Speech |
Indirect Speech |
|
Simple Present Changes To Simple Past |
"I always drink tea", she said |
She said that she always drank tea. |
|
Present Continuous Changes To Past Continuous |
"I am reading a book", he explained. |
He explained that he was reading a book. |
|
Present Perfect Changes To Past Perfect |
She said, "He has finished his work" |
She said that he had finished his work. |
|
Simple Past Changes To Past Perfect |
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said. |
He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday. |
|
Past Continuous Changes To Past Perfect Continuous |
"We were living in Paris", they told me. |
They told me that they had been living in Paris. |
|
Future Changes To Present Conditional |
"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said |
He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday. |
|
Future Continuous Changes To Conditional Continuous |
She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday." |
She said that she would be using the car next Friday. |
Note - The past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses do not change.
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