Competition English Notes
English Introduction
Direct and Indirect Speech Conversion
1. Change of Pronouns
- First person pronouns (I, we) in direct speech change according to the subject of the reporting verb.
- Direct: He said, "I am tired."
- Indirect: He said that he was tired.
- Second person pronouns (you) change according to the object of the reporting verb.
- Direct: She said to me, "You are late."
- Indirect: She told me that I was late.
- Third person pronouns (he, she, they) remain unchanged.
- Direct: She said, "He is my friend."
- Indirect: She said that he was her friend.
2. Change of Tenses
- Present Simple to Past Simple
- Direct: She said, "I like ice cream."
- Indirect: She said that she liked ice cream.
- Present Continuous to Past Continuous
- Direct: He said, "I am reading a book."
- Indirect: He said that he was reading a book.
- Present Perfect to Past Perfect
- Direct: They said, "We have finished our homework."
- Indirect: They said that they had finished their homework.
- Past Simple to Past Perfect
- Direct: She said, "I saw the movie."
- Indirect: She said that she had seen the movie.
- Will to Would
- Direct: He said, "I will call you."
- Indirect: He said that he would call me.
3. Change of Time and Place Expressions
- Now to Then
- Direct: He said, "I am busy now."
- Indirect: He said that he was busy then.
- Today to That day
- Direct: She said, "I will go today."
- Indirect: She said that she would go that day.
- Tomorrow to The next day
- Direct: He said, "I will come tomorrow."
- Indirect: He said that he would come the next day.
- Yesterday to The previous day
- Direct: She said, "I met him yesterday."
- Indirect: She said that she had met him the previous day.
- Here to There
- Direct: He said, "I am here."
- Indirect: He said that he was there.
4. Change of Modals
- Can to Could
- Direct: She said, "I can swim."
- Indirect: She said that she could swim.
- May to Might
- Direct: He said, "I may come."
- Indirect: He said that he might come.
- Must to Had to
- Direct: She said, "I must leave."
- Indirect: She said that she had to leave.
5. Reporting Verbs
- Use verbs like said, told, asked to introduce the reported speech.
- Direct: He said, "I am happy."
- Indirect: He said that he was happy.
- Direct: She asked, "Are you coming?"
- Indirect: She asked if I was coming.
Direct Indirect Short Cut
Direct and Indirect Speech Conversion
| Rule | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|---|
| First person pronouns (I, we) | He said, "I am tired." | He said that he was tired. |
| Second person pronouns (you) | She said to me, "You are late." | She told me that I was late. |
| Third person pronouns (he, she, they) | She said, "He is my friend." | She said that he was her friend. |
| Present Simple to Past Simple | She said, "I like ice cream." | She said that she liked ice cream. |
| Present Continuous to Past Continuous | He said, "I am reading a book." | He said that he was reading a book. |
| Present Perfect to Past Perfect | They said, "We have finished our homework." | They said that they had finished their homework. |
| Past Simple to Past Perfect | She said, "I saw the movie." | She said that she had seen the movie. |
| Will to Would | He said, "I will call you." | He said that he would call me. |
| Now to Then | He said, "I am busy now." | He said that he was busy then. |
| Today to That day | She said, "I will go today." | She said that she would go that day. |
| Tomorrow to The next day | He said, "I will come tomorrow." | He said that he would come the next day. |
| Yesterday to The previous day | She said, "I met him yesterday." | She said that she had met him the previous day. |
| Here to There | He said, "I am here." | He said that he was there. |
| Can to Could | She said, "I can swim." | She said that she could swim. |
| May to Might | He said, "I may come." | He said that he might come. |
| Must to Had to | She said, "I must leave." | She said that she had to leave. |
| Reporting Verbs | He said, "I am happy." She asked, "Are you coming?" |
He said that he was happy. She asked if I was coming. |
| Negative Sentences | He said, "I do not like it." | He said that he did not like it. |
| Interrogative Sentences (Yes/No Questions) | He asked, "Are you coming?" | He asked if I was coming. |
| Interrogative Sentences (WH-Questions) | She asked, "Where are you going?" | She asked where I was going. |
| Imperative Sentences | He said, "Please sit down." | He asked me to sit down. |
| Exclamatory Sentences | He said, "What a beautiful house!" | He exclaimed that it was a beautiful house. |
Why is Maths so important?
Mathematics provides structure to our life and reduces ambiguity. Learning Mathematics improves our reasoning power, creativity, abstract or spatial thinking, critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and even effective communication skills.
Maths References
At Studnet Dost you will find complete references about Number system and basic Arithmetic Algebra Trigonometry Geometry and Cartesian Geometry Calculus- Differential and Integral Matrix Algebra Probability and Statistics l and more: